(Michael Chinen)

We accept that certain events that happened in the early course of our lives influence us with a permanence that lives on in our identity. For many people music will be one of those events. In the opening of High Fidelity the main character sarcastically warns about the dangers of music for kids. In this post I want to consider the after effects (such as nostalgia) for music after the novelty wears off. “Sentimental music has this great way of taking you back somewhere at the same time that it takes you forward, so you feel nostalgic and hopeful all at the same time.” — also from High Fidelity, and closer to today’s topic.

The older I get, the less surprises there seem to be. I probably should restate that. There are still many surprises, but the intensity and the excitement — the amount something grips me — seems to go down with age. This is a bit depressing if you look at it one way, but I don’t think it has to be. Rather it seems like it is a natural consequence of understanding more about the world. The most obvious analogue is film and literature – at first you can start with the classics and they are all amazing. Then eventually you get to a point where you can see how those classics influenced the newer works, getting more perspective and insight into the world. This is quite an interesting feeling too. But the novel spark of that first foray into the arts is really something special.

Where did those bright eyed, wonderful times go? I’m reminded of them most viscerally when I put on music. Sometimes I talk or write about experimental computer music. But the particular music that does this for me is only a few specific bands and genres that are now very far from me culturally – the teenage and college years of grunge, pop-punk, emo, and indie rock, from The Descendents to the popular garden state soundtrack. Near 40, I still feel a certain strong and invincible euphoria when listening to these genres, even though it’s been years since I listened. If I get into it and shake my head and air-drum it is even better. The music has wired up a strong pathway for belonging and excitement in my brain and then neurons were set to be read only, to last for much longer than I would have thought. When I am 80, will it still be there?

At the same time, the act of listening to this music feels more than a bit weird. Perhaps it feels masturbatory or escapist. There is a disconnect between who I am now and who I was then, and the music is an instant portal that revives those youthful brain pathways.

And if we take it one step further, where did those bright eyes and times of wonder come from? The act of falling in love with a (sub)-culture because of someone you loved is one of the slyest and most curious phenomenon that is near the heart of western individualism. The association with a beautiful face that you might get to see if you go to the next concert. Culture is much more than a sexually transmitted meme. The acceptance from dressing a certain way and having a crew is really powerful, and dancing in unison to a beat is a primal joy even if the footsteps are different. For me, it was always the elusive nature and the promise that glory was just around the corner. The Cat Power song goes “It must just be the colors and kids that keep me alive, because the music is boring me to death”, which is something that a popular artist might be able to say after overwhelming success. But I was always on the outskirts, never really feeling in the middle of the culture that I loved. The colors, the kids, they were great, but the thing the lasted for me was the music. And I think, just as with the friendship paradox, this is the case for most people.

What would it take to find something like that again? Is it a matter of age, hormones, and college or can we recreate that somehow? Would I even want to if I could? Why can’t I, say, take these nostalgic feelings from music that I grew out of and ‘install’ them into music and things I am interested in now?

This is related to rewriting your utility function, which is a very scary thing that will literally annihilate your identity if you get it wrong. Just as we are programmed through evolution to love doing certain things – to feel joy from the wind going through your hair on a good walk, we are programmed through society and culture to a lesser extent during our developmental youth. But we do not get to swap the way we feel about walking through nature and thinking about high dimensional spaces. The latter has an intellectual pleasure for sure, but it is less ‘natural’. If we could do this, the world would be very different in very little time. I am not sure if we would converge or diverge as a species, but I would posit that if you could make being good at your job feel like dancing for the average person, productivity would blow up globally and previous social problems would disappear in place of newer probably scarier problems. But this is a rabbit hole that has many tropes and discussions such as wireheading that I would like to leave aside for now. I just want to note that it seems that technology is still a ways off from this, but this feeling I get when I listen to the right music is a sneak preview. It is frightening and feels great at the same time.

This weekend I went back to basics and did some very tape-y music on the electro-acoustically traditional themes of traffic and water. That being said I left my usual mode of synthesis-based composition at the door: this is a memoir piece that I made in Audacity. I haven’t been making much music lately, so my goal was to have fun making something that I’ll enjoy listening to in a few hours using the recordings of rain, wind, and traffic that I’ve been collecting.

The main traffic in rain was recorded outside of “The Curb” coffee shop in Kaimuki’s Waialae ave, the street where I spent most weekends of my youth hustling to sell magic cards to buy used video games in addition to 50 cent “ice cake” at the crack seed store.

Sitting at a fancy-but-gritty coffee shop that hadn’t existed a few years ago, recording the rain, I found myself comparing the smell of the rain and the air to the other places that I’ve recorded rain and similar relaxing noise in California.

Waialae Avenue is the main street that runs through Kaimuki in Oahu, where I grew up. Though it is constantly changing, I noticed that the initial scent rain there was markedly different, and possibly unique, evoking a strong nostalgia. Looking for an explanation, I discovered the phenomenon “Petrichor”, which involves accumlation of oils and bacteria in rock and stone during dry periods that are released via aerosols caused by raindrops. I became curious to know if the geographical and historical bacteria might cause this scent to have a unique signature.

From this line of thinking, I also became interested the acoustic signature of an area. I took recordings of mostly-water based sounds, from Waialae Avenue’s rain, the drizzle from a chanterelle hunt, Big Sur’s and waves, the Yuba River’s flow, and the airport that took me between these areas, and applied basic processing to emphasize their similarities and differences.

I wanted to combine some of these recordings in a piece that meshes them together, similar to how my consciousness hopped about from the roar of California’s Big Sur coast and the drizzle of my fall chanterelle hunts in the East Bay. There is also the motion of the Yuba river and wind of Ocean Beach in there. Also, I’ve enjoyed hearing “Kaze wo Atsumete” at SLC when taking a non-non-stop trip back from HNL to SFO, so it felt appropriate to put here.

On the subject of rain and computer music, I did get to train a tensorflow-wavenet model on my crappy hardware to get a rain-like signal out. It sounds somewhat like rain, but it turns out rain is similar to white noise anyway, so I probably should have started with something that had more tones in it. Hopefully I’ll probably write a post about using wavenet soon. Maybe after I get a 1080, so I won’t need to wait many days for a model.

NPR, you are great. You have shows that cover literally everything, from debating whether AI will be become skynet or Her, to fixing my car while getting relationship advice (RIP Tommy). I spend 3 hours a day commuting like a real American, and most of that time goes to podcasts from NPR.

Despite the title of this post, I like All Songs Considered quite a bit. Let me address you in the second person. I like the genuine excitement that you have for music and shows, especially because of the your two main hosts are a model to look up to, being older than stereotypical ages of people that get excited about new music and shows. Even when you had show a few years back of the worst songs of all time where you teamed up with Carrie Brownstein to try to make me feel bad for liking everything (We Built This City – Yes, We didn’t start the fire- yes, Baby I love your way – DEFINITELY YES). I don’t even know to what extent you were trolling, but it made me more aware about one thing.

I like everything now. I have the things I really love, but I also pretty much like everything else that I hear. I think this is okay. When I go to a vinyl garage sale, I buy 75% stuff I want and 25% stuff I don’t even know and I am not ever unhappy with it (to be fair it helps that it costs $1/LP). It’s completely fine.

Remember in high school and college when ‘liking everything (‘except country’ – as the phrase went)’ and a mishmash of random MP3s was code for “I don’t know care about music and I’m not cool, but I know how to dl warez (aol ‘zarew’ channel and hotline represent)”? Well, I was never much of an elitist, but I understand how that sentiment came about – it’s because it takes time to learn about a certain kind of music, and at freshman year of college, you won’t probably be able to know deeply about more than a few unless you are the Kid That Knew All Music. Now college is long past for me, I’ve seriously studied and listened to much more music since. And now I’m the guy who likes everything. But I still don’t feel that I will ever have that expert feel (or ‘hipster tone’ when I am jealous) to talking about music. But I appreciate the expert knowledge of the band’s background, influences and similar artists that folks like the All Songs can share with me. It’s so nice to just be able to enjoy things that are presented to you in this format without doing any research-like brain activity.

But what is up with the title ‘All Songs’? I love hearing about Weezer, Leonard Cohen, Radiohead, Neutral Milk Hotel, but it does make things more like “Indie Rock, Folk, Female Hiphop and some Electronic Songs Considered”. If you had such a title, I would be 100% satisfied with the show. But as it stands I am 95% satisfied. 5% means that at some time during the show I wonder ‘what would it be like if they played something without conventional rhythm next. When I started listening, you mentioned ‘experimental’ artists sometimes so I expected some artists that really try to do something different with music. And there is much non-experimental music that you don’t play, not because it’s not accessible, but for some other reason.

My dream podcast would have hosts like you guys that also included equal amounts of classical (old and avant-garde), jazz, harsh noise, computer music, and maybe some hawaiian music. Those are just the styles that have been in my interests, but it would be nice to get the other styles as well, giving the show more of an ethnomusicology feel then a hipster bent. I wish it could be less comfortable, not only for the audiences, but also for the hosts. One of the things that’s great about your podcast is that it introduces new music, and I feel like that’s at odds with the need to be an expert on the subject. In a nutshell, the show could do with more ‘curiosity’.

To be fair, you do occasionally play more ‘friendly’ noise/drone/experimental stuff like Fennesz and Deafheaven, and that’s a great start. But it’s once in a blue moon and that stuff is still closely connected to the indie rock world. I do understand that if you play both ‘harsh’ and ‘eclectic’ pieces that you risk losing users, but isn’t that true for any change you make? Lately NPR podcasts have been booming and it does seem like the goal of many is to maximize listeners, but if that is really the main concern, then maybe the show needs a new name. Titles are important in subtle ways. As it is I notice that when I listen to your podcast I feel that I am opening up my horizons, but then when I think about the problem of only playing the music you have expertise on is actually kind of limiting. And even a little scary because I don’t always realize the latter, maybe in part due to the subconscious effect of the title.

Just to test the idea I am really curious as to what would happen if you sprinkled these tracks over several shows. These are not new songs, but it’s a start to get the conversation going:

Playlist with all songs here. Single songs:

– David Dunn – Mimus Ployglottos

– Kalapana – The Hurt

– Merzbow – Rainbow Electronics

– György Ligeti – Désordre (Etude No. 1)

– Takeda Wataru – Seikatsu No Gara

– Paul Koonce – The Flywheel Dream

John Coltrane & Johnny Hartmann

Most of those songs are fairly old, and of well-established artists in these styles. I used them for examples, but my ideal show would present these kinds of classics for reference as well as find newer stuff in those styles and introduce them to me.

What would happened if you got a more even distribution of songs by getting other listeners to also suggest styles? Would it become noise? I don’t think so. I think it would give the songs you already play more perspective. I think it would make you feel more vulnerable – but as a lot of this new podcast world is showing, vulnerability is nice and can actually help drive the show.

All that being said, given the age of this show I’m sure you’ve had this discussion before, maybe even on the show. I’m curious to know what was the result of that discussion. Obviously, I’m not a radio producer and can’t say what’s best for your show. It’s a lot easier for me to describe my ideal show and its ideals. I originally had the title ‘All Songs Considered Considered Harmful’, but that’s just because its hard to resist and would make for nice hacker news clickbait. You’re doing a great job anyway, and I’ll be listening.

“The world is watching: one cannot walk through a meadow or forest without a ripple of report spreading out from one’s passage. The thrush darts back, the jay squalls, a beetle scuttles under the grasses, and the signal is passed along. Every creature knows when a hawk is cruising or a human strolling. The information passed through the system is intelligence.” – Gary Snyder, The Practice of the Wild

A while ago on Stack Overflow, I asked a potentially off-topic question about metaphors for memory allocation (it was less-horrible a crime to post opinion questions at the time). Some entertained my question, but I thought the most thought provoking comment was that it was a horrible idea to tie any real-world analogies because of the possible confusion.

Years later, I remember this question often. In the time that has passed, I have made the answer my own strawman argument that I can go to battle with to give various interests in my life metaphorical continuity. On the one side, we already have decided it’s useful to call data structures by names of similar pre-computer concepts, like trees, memory, lists, containers, (not to mention both ‘structures’ and ‘data’) – we don’t need to come up with brand new words for each of these things, because the power of abstraction in its ability to be repurposed and recycled. I have not met programmers that are confused about where the chlorophyll exists in the leaves of the binary tree, nor people that think they need to sprinkle water on their computer to insert a new node in a tree.

That’s fun to think about, because it’s a nerdy and quick evidence-based answer to why analogy is useful for programmers. But lately, I find myself thinking about how other systems in my life are alike.

Besides computers, I am currently interested in these systems below. In fact, the word ‘systems’ and ‘network’ pop up in most of my hobbies:

• Engine/Car repair – appreciating what does what in my car (quite literally, appreciating ‘engineering’) helps me to feel more comfortable with what is probably the most expensive thing besides a house that I’ll ever own. Running into various space and tool constraint problems in replacing my head gasket/valve seals/timing belt feels very similar to debugging software when you need to come up with clever ways to get the info you want to solve the bug.
• 

  Chanterelles have roots that create a network between trees

  Ecological Systems – the interaction between plant/mushroom/animal/climate/terrain is so amazing that it goes far beyond the basic darwinistic view of a single organism’s fitness (did you know trees use mychorrizal networks (like a mushroom root) to transfer nutrients from the more abundant trees to the lesser ones?). Darwin said some pretty cool stuff in the origin of species about how every few feet comes a different distribution of plants and animals that are best suited to the environment. As I see more and more connections between the species, it seems more and more like the ecological system itself behaves as an organism itself.
• Fitness – understanding the interaction/balance of muscles has been useful for my improving posture and well-being. At first, I thought that weightlifting and talking about muscles was just for serious strong bros, but after swimming and jogging didn’t really help me out, looking into muscular anatomy showed me some clear muscular imbalances that would be obviously helped out with weightlifting. This is a study of the body and the interaction between its parts – a very complex constraint solving problem – and the connections were more counterintuitive than I imagined. I had no idea for a long time that my hip angle is what would cause me to hunch over, and I didn’t even have the physical self awareness to note that I was walking around with my hips fully extended in pelvic-thrust mode. And of course, the exercise and progression of the body is an interesting system of its own that ties in others, including nutrition.

Becoming more familiar with all of these systems has brought me happiness, and has counterintuitively made the world more simple as I invest more time into understanding their internal structures and meaning. All of them seemed like impenetrable opaque black boxes when I first started looking at them, and I may have even had the impression that it wasn’t worth digging in because it was more efficient to leave the specialist knowledge to the specialist. It’s worth mentioning that my feelings about this are similar to the argument against ‘leave cooking to the chef’ in Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance.

My master’s thesis and a large amount of my music was about finding similar structures in music and software. At the time I remember thinking that this was a very special connection, and that I just-so-happened to be lucky enough to be working with both music and software. But the real lesson was that seeming unrelated systems have deep connections, and that the noticing of these connections is a very powerful thing that can add depth and perspective to a subject one is interested in.

Although it’s always tempting to be a purist when coming up with bizarre theories, some systems are more compatible than other systems. This happens often in music – for example, a shepherd’s scale (a scale that seems to get higher and higher) is a great analog to Penrose steps (that Escher made famous), but my idea to make an audio-only version of space invaders never panned out because some things just won’t translate very well even if you really want them to. I’ve heard anecdotally that composer Gyorgy Ligeti, who was himself interested in visual phenomena, made it a point to tell his students that one shouldn’t force a sonic representation of a visual phenomenon just because the metaphor sounds good – and I would agree that there’s a fair deal of art in these connections.

NSKeyedArchiver is a common choice for saving data of medium complexity, alongside plist serialization. More complex and you might use CoreData, less and you might use NSUserDefaults. I use NSKeyedArchiver in my Voicer app to record the metadata for sound. For the metadata I tried to design the format so that it would be very responsive, by only keeping index markers to audio samples in external files. However, I noticed for long sounds that were over an hour, it could take around 10 seconds to load just the metadata. I thought about it longer, and decided that the reason for this must be the key-based lookup. So, I went ahead and removed all the keys (this is generally safe to do as long as you encode and decode in the same order). But, performance did not increase. I then tried using NSArchiver, which is listed in the mac os x docs as deprecated, and is not even mentioned in iOS docs. It is much faster. The only reference I found to it was an older StackOverflow post from 2012. However, using it is problematic, because presumably, it counts as private API which could be rejected on app submission. It’s convenient! I put it down for a long time, but recently came back to it – I fixed up and renamed the Cocotron NSArchiver class to NSKeylessArchiver so that it could exist along side the private one. The results are okay, but could be improved. Writing directly to a file would be faster for my case, but I’m sticking with the initWithCoder method for now, because it is less work, but also for maintenance – the encode/decode functions are nice, and it’s easy to have backwards compatibility with NSKeyedArchiver by checking a file extension to determine the right Unarchiver to use. The NSKeylessArchiver also does some fancy but mostly-cheap stuff, such as string and object references – if you use the same string twice, it will only occur in the archiver once, and used as a reference the second time. Here is the github repo and the readme:

How to use Add NSKeylessArchiver and NSKeylessUnarchiver’s .h and .m files to your project. If you have an arc project, you will need to go into the "Build Phases" tab of your project settings and add the ‘-fno-objc-arc’ flag to both NSKeylessArchiver.m and NSKeylessUnarchiver.m. Then, just #import "NSKeylessArchiver.h" and use it like an NSCoder. See the performance test project below for a sample. When to use If you have a moderate to large use case for NSKeyedArchiver that does not rely on keys (e.g. uses only -[NSCoder encodeObject:] and -[NSCoder encodeObjectOfObjcType: at:] as opposed to -[NSCoder encodeObject: forKey:]), then you may be able to use this. The keyed based encoding and decoding is much slower, because it allows for random access. The non-keyed method allows a faster linear, forward-only read and write because it requires the order of encoding and decoding to be fixed. Mac OS X has a deprecated NSArchiver/NSUnarchiver, and iOS has this, but is not a public API. How do I get backward-compatibility without keys? Forward-compatibility? A frequent cited advantage of NSKeyedArchiver is that the keys provide easy backward-compatibility. It certainly helps, but of course, backward compatibility can exist without keys. If you store a version number, you can still add and remove new objects/data, and check the version number on load to determine whether or not to decode or not. If this is not clear I will expand on it later. Forward-compatibility via keys is much harder, but in the ‘save user data’ case, you may not need it – the only way that you will need to load a file from a future version is for cloud-based methods. If you do need it, it is possible to implement schema for forward-compatibility with NSKeylessArchiver, by using keys implicitly in an NSDictionary (which you should be able to use with NSKeylessArchiver!). The other options are probably too messy, and likely remnicent of file formats that specify a byte length of each component and subcomponent, in which case you should just write your own binary file. Performance First of, if fast-as-possible performance is your goal, you might consider something else, such as directly writing to a binary file. This is a trade off for having the convenience of having a drop-in replacement for compliant uses of NSKeyedArchiver. For a test case, I compared NSKeyedArchiver, NSKeylessArchiver, and NSArchiver with a simple root object with 20000 ints. Please feel free modify the test repo and this class to improve performance and correctness. This was the result of running a release build on an iPhone 5S, with 10 runs per class: encoding (min/max/avg secs) decoding (min/max/avg secs) NSKeyedArchiver 0.2048/0.2453/0.2165 6.8919/6.9238/6.9037 NSKeylessArchiver 0.0407/0.0506/0.0451 0.0253/0.0330/0.0287 NSArchiver 0.0094/0.0114/0.0102 0.0019/0.0025/0.0020 As you can see the performance for this unrealistic use case shows NSKeylessArchiver doing much better than NSKeyedArchiver, but worse than NSArchiver. NSArchiver is a better choice, but apps that use it may not pass iOS app review due to the private API status. If you know otherwise, let me know. In practical use, I have seen about a 2-5x speed increase for a use case that had ~20,000 ints/floats/objects being encoded/decoded. It seems logical that the gains will be larger for encoding schemes that have a larger ratio of encoding calls to actual data being encoded.

For reference:

• BiasedBit also has a good overview and comparison of NSKeyedArchiver to NSPropertyListSerialization.
• mpv has an interesting post comparing NSKeyedArchiver to JSON serialization. I also considered this method, but went with NSCoder to be able to continue supporting various objects that implement NSCoding.